The present policy of the government is not to be involved directly in the ‘production process’, but to encourage and stimulate the process through policy, incentives and provision of infrastructure and social services. In the past the top down and bottom up planning has failed due to many reasons. Lack of transparency and other bottlenecks in the implementing agencies and non-involvement of the beneficiaries are among the major reasons for failure. Since the community was not involved and had no stake, their indifference towards development activities was logical. Lack of accountability on the part of the public sector has resulted in a number of cases in which public funds were wasted. The frequent transfer of heads of the departments has hampered the process of development. On the other hand of course, the replacement of an inefficient officer by a more efficient one has its positive sides.

Not shown in the above table is the fact that the role of women in decision making and administrative bodies is negligible. This, of course, is contrary to the participatory trends in sustainable development.

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